Imunopatologia do SARS-COV-2: uma revisão

Maurício  Catau

Autores

Maurício Catau Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-2479

Palavras-chave:

SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Resposta imune humoral, anticorpos

Resumo

O conhecimento da dinâmica do vírus e a resposta do hospedeiro contra o mesmo, são aspectos essenciais para adoptar medidas eficazes para o tratamento antiviral, vacinação e controlo epidemiológico da COVID-19. A presente revisão teve como objectivo, analisar publicações sobre a dinâmica da resposta imunitária em indivíduos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2. A resposta imunitária na COVID-19 tem início com a interacção entre a proteína S do SARS-CoV-2 e a enzima de conversão da angiotensina II (ACE2) na superfície da célula hospedeira. Esta interacção conduz a produção de interferões do tipo I (IFN-α e IFN-β) e citocinas pró-inflamatórias as quais são importantes na protecção das células não infectadas. No entanto, a resposta imunitária contra o SARS-CoV-2 é a principal responsável pelo quadro clínico da COVID-19 pelo facto das células T citotóxicas promoverem a destruição das células alveolares comprometendo o funcionamento dos pulmões e pelo facto de o vírus estimular a produção de uma tempestade de citocinas pró-inflamatórias responsáveis pela vasodilatação de pequenos vasos sanguíneos e a constrição da musculatura lisa do organismo podendo levar deste modo a uma falha multiorgânica. Portanto, podemos perceber que a produção de anticorpos específicos (IgM e IgG) ocorre entre os 14-21 dias após os primeiros sintomas da doença e declinam por volta da de 2 á a 5 semana após a infecção denotando uma curta durabilidade da imunoprotecção o que pode levar aos indivíduos recuperados uma susceptibilidade de reinfecção após este período.

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