Imunopatologia do SARS-COV-2: uma revisão

Maurício  Catau

Authors

Maurício Catau Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6153-2479

Keywords:

SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, humoral immune response, antibodies

Abstract

Knowledge of the dynamics of the virus and the host response against it, are essential aspects to adopt effective measures for antiviral treatment, vaccination and epidemiological control of COVID-19. The present review aimed to analyse publications on the dynamics of the immune response in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. The immune response in COVID-19 begins with the interaction between the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2) at the host cell surface. This interaction leads to the production of type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines which are important in protecting uninfected cells. However, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is the main responsible for the clinical picture of COVID-19 because the cytotoxic T cells promote the destruction of alveolar cells compromising lung function and because the virus stimulates the production of a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for the vasodilation of small blood vessels and the constriction of the organism's smooth muscles, thus leading to a multi-organ failure. Therefore, the production of specific antibodies (IgM and IgG) occurs between 14-21 days after the first symptoms of the disease and declines around 2 to 5 weeks after infection, denoting a short duration of immunoprotection, which may lead recovered individuals to be susceptible to reinfection after this period.

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